Inference
Draw evidence-based inferences from text.
Inference
Inference from Text
What you'll learn
- An inference is a sensible conclusion drawn from evidence in the text — not a wild guess.
- Difference between stated fact, inference, and opinion.
- To use clues: time, place, behaviour, results — what must be or is likely true.
- Reading comprehension + reasoning for Class 5 exams.
NCERT / CBSE link
Marigold 5 reading passages and CBSE comprehension require drawing inferences from evidence — not guessing beyond the text.
Key concepts
Level 1 — Evidence-based thinking
Verbal: If the passage says "Mira grabbed an umbrella and closed windows," infer: weather was probably rainy or windy.
Symbolic: Clues C → reasonable inference I (not guaranteed but supported).
| Text clue | Reasonable inference | Not inference (too far) |
|---|---|---|
| Footprints in mud | Someone walked there | Exact shoe brand |
| Empty lunch box, smiling | Lunch was eaten and enjoyed | Favourite food was rice |
| Lights off, snoring heard | Person asleep | Person dreaming of cricket |
Rule: Inference must be supported — if text does not hint, do not infer.
Level 2 — Stated vs inferred
Verbal: Stated: "Ravi scored highest." Inferred: "Ravi studied effectively" (possible, not certain).
Real-life: Story character shivering → infer cold — not stated but logical.
| Type | Example |
|---|---|
| Fact in text | "The bus was late." |
| Inference | Passengers missed assembly (if text links delay + assembly time) |
| Opinion | "Late buses are the worst invention." |
Worked example
Passage: "Anita watered the wilted plant every evening. After a week, new leaves appeared." Infer?
Step 1 — Wilted → needed care; watering + recovery linked.
Step 2 — Inference: Anita's watering helped plant recover.
Step 3 — Not certain: only water caused it (but best inference).
Answer: The plant improved likely because of regular watering.
Text: "Shop closed; owner at hospital sign on door." Infer?
Step 1 — Shop not open; owner possibly ill or visiting ill person.
Answer: Owner unavailable due to hospital-related reason — shop closed temporarily.
Common mistakes
| Mistake | Why it happens | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Inference = any guess | Ignoring text | Point to clue sentence |
| Repeat fact as inference | Copying words | Inference is new idea from clues |
| Absolute certainty | Overconfidence | Prefer "likely" unless must-be-true |
| Outside knowledge only | Ignores passage | Text evidence first |
Quick check
- Fact or inference? "The dog barked at the postman."
- Wilted plants + watering + revival — one inference.
- Why is "inference" not the same as "assumption" in reasoning papers?
- Stretch: Three-sentence story — write one supported inference and one unsupported guess.
Revision tip: Read a short paragraph; highlight facts in yellow, inferences in green — every green needs a yellow clue.
Open the Practice tab for graded questions on Inference from Text.
Key Takeaways (TL;DR)
- What you'll learn
- Key concepts
- Worked example
- Common mistakes
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