Hindi Vyakaran (Grammar) | Class 9 hindi — School Syllabus

What you'll learn

Major figures of speech (Alankaar) in Hindi with examples
Formats for formal and informal Hindi letter writing
Structure and types of Hindi essays (Nibandh)
Strategies for answering unseen passage (Apathit Gadyansh) questions

Key concepts

1. अलंकार — Alankaar (Figures of Speech)

Alankaar (literally "ornament") are devices that add beauty, vividness, and force to language. There are two broad categories: Shabdalankaar (sound-based) and Arthalankaar (meaning-based).

Upama — उपमा (Simile)

A direct comparison between two things using words like: जैसा, सा, सी, से, ज्यों, तुल्य.

Structure: Upamey (subject) + Upamaan (compared object) + Vaachak (comparison word) + Saadhaaran Dharm (shared quality)

Example	Translation	Key word
मुखड़ा चंद्रमा सा सुंदर है।	The face is as beautiful as the moon.	सा
वह हिरण जैसा दौड़ता है।	He runs like a deer.	जैसा
पत्तियाँ आँसुओं सी झरती हैं।	Leaves fall like tears.	सी

Rupak — रूपक (Metaphor)

The subject is directly identified with another object — no comparison word is used. The two are treated as identical.

Example	Translation	Note
मुख चंद्रमा है।	The face is the moon.	No "like/as" — direct equation
वह जीवन की नाव खे रहा है।	He is rowing the boat of life.	Life = a boat
ज्ञान का सागर	Ocean of knowledge	Knowledge = ocean

Upama vs Rupak:

Feature	Upama (Simile)	Rupak (Metaphor)
Comparison	Indirect (uses सा/जैसा)	Direct (no comparison word)
The two things are	Similar	Treated as identical

Anupras — अनुप्रास (Alliteration)

Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of closely connected words.

Example	Repeated sound	Translation
कनक कनक ते सौगुनी मादकता अधिकाय।	क (ka)	Gold is a hundred times more intoxicating than hemp.
तरनि तनूजा तट तमल तरुवर बहु छाए।	त (ta)	On the banks of the Yamuna, many Tamal trees stood.
मुदित महीपति मंदिर आए।	म (ma)	The happy king came to the temple.

Atishyokti — अतिशयोक्ति (Hyperbole)

A deliberate exaggeration to create a strong effect.

Example	Translation	Exaggeration
उसके हाथों में हाथी की ताकत है।	His hands have the strength of an elephant.	Exaggerates strength
वह इतना तेज़ दौड़ा कि हवा भी पीछे रह गई।	He ran so fast that even the wind was left behind.	Speed exaggerated
आँखों से खून के आँसू बह रहे थे।	Blood-tears were flowing from the eyes.	Grief exaggerated

2. पत्र लेखन — Patra Lekhan (Letter Writing)

Hindi letters are of two types: Aupcharik (Formal) and Anaupcharik (Informal).

Aupcharik Patra — Formal Letter

Used when writing to officials, institutions, newspapers, or people you do not know personally.

Format:

प्रेषक का पता (Sender's address)
दिनांक (Date)

सेवा में,
पदनाम (Designation)
संस्था का नाम (Organisation)
पता (Address)

विषय: _____________ (Subject line)

महोदय / महोदया, (Sir / Madam)

[Opening paragraph — state the purpose]

[Main body — details and request]

[Closing paragraph — express hope/thanks]

भवदीय / भवदीया,
(Your sincerely,)
हस्ताक्षर (Signature)
नाम (Name)

Common formal letter types: Application for leave, complaint to municipality, letter to a newspaper editor, scholarship application.

Anaupcharik Patra — Informal Letter

Used when writing to friends, relatives, or known persons.

Format:

स्थान (Place)
दिनांक (Date)

प्रिय [नाम] / आदरणीय [नाम],
(Dear [Name] / Respected [Name])

[Warm opening — enquire about their wellbeing]

[Main body — share news, reason for writing]

[Closing — warm wishes, request for reply]

तुम्हारा / आपका,
[अपना नाम]

Key differences:

Feature	Formal (Aupcharik)	Informal (Anaupcharik)
Salutation	महोदय/महोदया	प्रिय/आदरणीय
Tone	Polite, professional	Warm, personal
Closing	भवदीय/भवदीया	तुम्हारा/आपका
Subject line	Mandatory	Not required

3. निबंध — Nibandh (Essay Writing)

A Nibandh is a prose composition on a given topic, presenting ideas in an organised, coherent way.

Standard essay structure:

Part	Hindi Name	Content	Approximate length
Introduction	प्रस्तावना	Define the topic; hook the reader	1 paragraph
Body	मुख्य भाग	Main arguments, facts, examples, quotes	3–4 paragraphs
Conclusion	उपसंहार	Summary; personal opinion; call to action	1 paragraph

Types of essays:

Type	Hindi Name	Nature	Example topic
Descriptive	वर्णनात्मक	Describes a person/place/thing	मेरा प्रिय त्योहार
Narrative	कथात्मक	Tells a story or sequence of events	मेरी यादगार यात्रा
Argumentative	विचारात्मक	Presents arguments for/against	पर्यावरण प्रदूषण
Reflective	भावात्मक	Personal feelings and experiences	आदर्श जीवन

Tips for a high-scoring Nibandh:

Start with a relevant shloka, quote, or proverb
Use sub-headings for body paragraphs
Include statistical data or examples where relevant
End with a strong, memorable conclusion
Maintain paragraph length of 5–7 sentences

4. अपठित गद्यांश — Apathit Gadyansh (Unseen Passage)

An Apathit Gadyansh is a prose passage the student has not seen before. Questions are asked to test reading comprehension, vocabulary, and inference skills.

Step-by-step strategy:

Step	Action
1. Skim first	Read the entire passage quickly to get the main idea
2. Read questions	Look at all questions before reading in detail
3. Read carefully	Re-read the passage, underlining key ideas, names, and facts
4. Locate answers	Find the paragraph where each answer likely appears
5. Write in own words	Do not copy entire sentences; paraphrase where possible
6. Check vocabulary questions	Look at the context of the word before defining it

Question types and how to answer:

Question type	Strategy
Direct factual question	Find the exact line in the passage and summarise
Central idea / main theme	Look at the first and last paragraphs
Title suggestion	Capture the main topic in 3–5 words
Meaning of a word	Use context clues from surrounding sentences
Inference question	Use passage clues + your reasoning; no outside knowledge

Common errors to avoid:

Do not write answers outside the scope of the passage
Do not use your own opinions for factual questions
Always answer in full sentences
Match the language — if the passage is in formal Hindi, write formally

Quick check

Identify the Alankaar (figure of speech) in this line and explain why: "वह सिंह के समान वीर है।"
What are the two main types of Hindi letters? List two differences between them.
Name the three parts of a Hindi essay (Nibandh) and briefly describe what each part should contain.
In an Apathit Gadyansh question, what is the first step you should take before answering any question?
Identify the Alankaar in this line: "कनक कनक ते सौगुनी मादकता अधिकाय।" — Name the figure of speech and the repeated sound.

Open the Practice tab for graded questions on Hindi Vyakaran (Grammar).